Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing is the latest paradigm that involves delivering hosted services over the Internet. Everyone linked with the cloud industry has his own definition. Users of cloud computing can access applications and documents from anywhere in the world the same way as with desktop computers and making it easier for group members in different locations to collaborate. In cloud computing, everything is hosted in the cloud network which is a collection of computers and servers accessed via the Internet. The history of cloud computing is coming from the electricity revolution, a century ago. Before the advent of electrical utilities, every farm and business produced its own electricity from freestanding generators. After the electrical grid was created, farms and businesses shut down their generators and bought electricity from the utilities at a much lower price and with much greater reliability than producing it. Universal access and 24/7 reliability are guaranteed while ubiquitous collaboration is.
Now cloud industry is currently in the early days of the cloud computing revolution. As Sun Microsystems’s slogan is “The network is the computer”, and that’s as good as any to describe how cloud computing works. In essence, a network of computers functions as a single computer to serve data and applications to users over the Internet. The network exists in the cloud of IP addresses that is known as the Internet, offers massive computing power and storage capability, and enables wide scale group collaboration. The definition of the cloud is it is a large group of interconnected computers. These computers can be personal computers or network servers and can be public or private.
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Content Delivery Network (CDN)
Content distribution network (CDN) is a large distributed system of servers which are deployed in multiple data centers across the Internet. CDNs serve a large fraction of the Internet content today. This include Web objects like text, graphics and scripts, or downloadable objects such as media files, software, documents, or applications like e-commerce, portals, live streaming media, on-demand streaming media, and social networks. The goal of a CDN is to serve content to end users with high availability and high performance. CDNs also offload the traffic served directly from the content provider’s origin infrastructure, resulting in cost savings for the content provider, besides its better performance and availability.
Most important security issue is that CDNs provide the content provider a degree of protection from Denial of Service (DoS) attacks by using their large distributed server infrastructure to absorb the attack traffic. The most famous example today of using the CDN is that the need for some library to build a traditional website. For example, better performance can be achieved when loading a jquery.js library from a CDN, such as the one provided by Google. CDN provides high bandwidth and high performance content delivery.
An increasing number of Internet network owners have built their own CDNs to improve on net content delivery, reduce demand on their own telecommunications infrastructure, and to generate revenues from content customers. Most CDNs are operated as an Application Service Provider (ASP) on the Internet which also known as on-demand software or software as a service. Some larger software companies such as Microsoft build their own CDNs in tandem to their own products. Examples include Windows Azure CDN and Amazon CloudFront, there are many benefits for using CDN, such as:
- Fast using a network of edge locations around the world.
- Simple, a single API calls lets user get started distributing content from CDN to any other applications.
- CDN is designed for use with other custom Web services.
- Cost effective, through scaling user requirement, user pay only for the content delivered through the network.
- Elastic, users don’t need to worry about maintaining expensive Web server capacity to meet the demand from potential traffic spikes for their content.
- Reliable, CDN is built using highly reliable infrastructure, the distributed nature of edge locations used by CDN automatically routes end users to the closest available location as required by network conditions. CDN constantly monitors and optimizes for both availability and performance.
- Global CDN uses a global network of edge locations, located near your end users in the United States, Europe, Asia, and South America.
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Web and its Technologies
The World Wide Web is the most important concept to remember that the Web is not a network itself, like the Internet, but a set of software programs. These programs can be used on many different computer networks, including the Internet and the company’s computer network. The Web presents information through multimedia formats, graphics , sounds, animations, and videos. It employs several tools to provide a visual layout, hypertext links, browser software, and code structure
The Web resembles an electronic library, and therefore each location or website is like a book. Each book has a contents page that directs the reader to the other pages in the book, as well as to all the other books in the electronic library. At the beginning of the internet these books are created using the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). After a while, there were many other technologies that embedded with HTMLs along with interactive objects such as Java, JavaScript and VBScript, each adds some extensive functionality to Web pages.
There was an increasing demand for running dynamic web pages design and development using server side languages, such as Common Gateway Interface (CGI) using Perl, Active Server Pages (ASP), Java via JavaServer Pages (JSP) or Personal Home Page (PHP) .
The fast growth of Web content today was not taken into consideration in the early design of the Web. In the early days, there were no cloud computing technologies and there were no hybrid Web applications. On one hand, when the number of published dynamic Web content increases dramatically, the benefits of using cloud computing and hybrid Web applications are evident. On the other hand, the consideration of accessing Web from mobile devices is becoming more popular, with the continuous enhancement on the mobile technologies and the fact that mobility became an important part of our daily life. Thus, many researchers tried to find solutions to make using of hybrid mobile Web application or to make cloud Web content more powerful, enabling quick building and deployment while offering better management.
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Designing a Mobile Web Site
Design is an important element of any competitive software in the world, where everyone can offer the same service, but the good design is the differentiator. Users usually want to look at beautifully designed pages and their confidence in the software product is higher if it is well designed and reliable. How many clients would buy an iPhone just for its features? There are other phones that provide similar or better features, but users would like to have an iPhone because of its excellent design. Everyone now knows that a mobile Web user has different goals while accessing Web content. Different mobile devices have different capabilities and the designers must take care of that while designing their mobile website.
There are many trends in Web design that are classified as Web 2.0 sites such as using CSS in design, good metaphors, good colors that reflect the business while enriching the design. The successful Web designer is the designer who can employee all the above tools to reflect the current business language and to make it easy for users to access information when needed by few clicks. Below are some tips for designing a mobile website that should be taken in consideration when going for mobile Web.
- Great mobile sites start with function over form
Mobile users tend to look for mobile web sites that address a need (entertainment, productivity, and communication are the most popular). Therefore, it is imperative that design serves to facilitate the underlying functional requirements of the site.
- Performance is most desirable
Mobile users have a bewildering number of choices for interactive engagement. Performance is the easiest and best way to stand out. Users have no tolerance for slow performance.
- Simplicity
Mobile web sites must be driven from a simple idea or concept and then execute flawlessly against that concept. Mobile web sites that quickly communicate simple and compelling value to consumers have a much higher success rate than those sites that do not.
- Don’t build an app when a site can do
Mobile apps add a vast amount of management complexity, so it doesn’t make sense to use mobile apps for what a site can do. Mobile web sites avoid all of the development overhead for mobile apps while allowing for a much faster path to execution.
- Engage the design team early and often
Despite the technical challenges of mobile execution, sites still begin and end with designers.
- Balance design elements to drive performance
Mobile devices are very under powered compared to traditional computers, so the performance impact of design elements is even more exacerbated on mobile devices.
- Define brands in the user interface
The user interface should reflect the brand’s identity. Brand awareness in the design process increases user recognition, leverages existing user loyalty, and results in enhanced user satisfaction.
- Identify and address core users
Mobile is inherently more selective than the general public Web. This is why it is vital that mobile sites be specifically developed to address distinct user profiles and use cases.
- Optimize design for perceived performance
The sad truth is that no matter how well a web site is implemented, the mobile ecosystem remains unreliable. Carriers, locations, and devices can all have a pronounced effect on mobile Web performance. Therefore, it is critical to identify those areas of potential performance degradation such as data fetching & calculations and then develop design strategies to minimize the user performance impact of a slowdown.
- Balance design priorities with performance requirements
Mobile web sites have to perform well, look great, and deliver significant user value on underpowered computers that use tiny screens with limited bandwidth. The success or failure of mobile websites is most often attributed to how well these two disciplines are balanced.
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Grid Computing and Cloud Computing
Cloud computing often confused with grid computing, but there are key differences between them. When utilizing the resources of numerous computers in a network to work on a single problem at the same time, this is called a grid computing. Usually this implementation is used to address a scientific or technical problem that often needs more processing power. The famous example for this is the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI). Some People all over the world allow the SETI project to share the unused CPU cycles of their computers to search for signs of intelligence in thousands of hours of recorded radio data. Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) is another example of grid computing example.
In grid computing it’s necessary to use software that can divide and then send out pieces of the program to thousands of computers. This can be done throughout the computers of an organization, or it can be done as a form of public collaboration. Sun Microsystems offers grid engine software that allows engineers at companies to pool the computer CPU cycles on up to 80 workstations at a time. Grid computing could be appealing for several reasons:
- Cost effective way to use a given amount of computer resources.
- It is a way to solve problems that need a tremendous amount of computing power.
- The resources of several computers can be shared cooperatively, without one computer managing the other.
To conclude, grid computing could be used in a large project when computing resources can divided among multiple computers to make use of their resources. Cloud computing is just the opposite to this approach in which it allows multiple smaller applications to run at the same time. This is why grid computing and cloud computing have to do with one another. Thus, grid computing and cloud computing are functioning in fundamentally different ways.
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Mashup Advantages and Disadvantages
What is mashup?
The using of mashup in the proposed architecture become important issue when noticed that there are some problems that face webmasters, Web developers, and Web designers in their everyday work. This problem comes from the nature of Web technology. Big part from this problem could be solved using mashup, since it is fairly easy to implement the Web content systems from different online services. Mashup is a Web page or application that combines resources or functionalities from two or more sources creating a new application or service. Mashup is an emerging software engineering paradigm aligned with the trend towards the programmable Web. Mashup is based on the longest tail theory which is from business perspective to allow the use of different services and to break down business processes into smaller pieces.
The history of mashup comes from music industry before it become an Internet popular concept in which musicians combine mixture of two or more tracks to create a new song that is called mashup. Today Web mashups are becoming one of the salient tools for providing composite services to meet users request and open a new area for researchers with many endeavors to enhance this technology for Web developers and designers. Many approaches used now for mashup of Web contents and Web technologies to provide a mobile Web contents, to offer Web application, or even for Web application programming interface (API). One of these contributions is a method to utilize the social and functional relationships among Web APIs to produce and recommend the chains of candidate mashup.
Mashup advantages and disadvantages
While mashups are a very useful tools, there are some advantages and disadvantage, as follows.
Mashup advantages
- Allow for the reuse of existing applications: is the most powerful benefit in which the user can use preexisting one to implement the new feature to embed in the new Web application, this enable reusability of existing services or data,
- Time saving and rapid development: this comes from the first advantage in which the user will be able to rapidly develop new applications with new features,
- No extensive IT skills required: most of the work is abstracted behind the scenes and the user only needs to learn how to implement it without extensive IT or programming skills, and
- Cheap cost efficient: the preexisting applications that were previously developed will serve in which, there will be no money re-investment on long development schedules or training for developers to implement the features from scratch.
Mashup disadvantages
- Service reliability and QoS: the user is dependent on the other developers to make sure that the application does what it intends to do without bugs and there is no control over the quality or the features for the implemented component,
- Integrity of content no warranted: the user will have no choice but to replace the service if it stop working or API gets discontinued and there is no guarantee this component will be continuously supported,
- Scalability issues: if Web application has a bigger grows, there is no guarantee that the service to be implemented will continue working,
- Security: if there is sensitive data working with the mashup API, it may be subject to a security concern, the contents used in the mashup are not guaranteed to be secure,
- There are no standards: another difficulty in designing and implementing mashup to ensure the integrity of the data being used is that there are no standards for the development or application of a mashup, and
- Most data sources are not made as a service: all traditional application design and development were done before the mashup technology, thus if the developer decide to access data using mashup, it must be implemented first as a service before starting
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Web 2.0, Mobile and Cloud Computing Model
The concept of cloud computing and Web 2.0 now becomes a most popular expressions. There are many common points in cloud computing and Web 2.0 in which one of them is considered as a subset of the other. The definitions of cloud computing and Web 2.0 is sound a lot like, but without the technological underpinnings, Web 2.0 is defined by how the user sees the service by the system. Whereas cloud computing is defined by its architecture and infrastructure of interconnected computers or servers functioning as a whole [30]. Godfather of Web 2.0 Tim O’Reilly defines it as, the network as platform, spanning all connected devices. Web 2.0 is an attempt to explore and explain the business rules of that platform. Web 2.0 also could be as a transition from isolated information silos Web 1.0.
May be cloud computing is a specific Web 2.0 technology, cloud computing and Web 2.0 use the same phenomenon, but they are looking different. Both terms birth at the same time and their evolution run very fast in the same timeline, both concepts promise similar results to end users. The user acutally doesn’t matter what to see. For example, if the user work on word documents, it doesn’t matter wether to use a Microsoft Live Mesh as a cloud service or Google Docs. What the user is concerned is about working on his document and the tools to use. Both cloud computing and Web 2.0 offers to their users the real benefits for all involved.
Finally, the conclusion is that cloud computing is about computers, whereas Web 2.0 is about people. Cloud computing is gaining acceptance as an efficient and cost effective architecture to deploy many types of online systems. Thus, mobile cloud computing has become the most important part of the current technology.
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The Two Extremes of Mobile Applications
The foundation for a new era of computing model, which is called mobile cloud computing, comes from the combination of cloud computing, portable computing devices, wireless communication, location based services, mobile Web, etc.. The mobile devices allow the users to access an unlimited computing power and storage space within the mobile domain. There are many hurdles to overcome in mobile cloud computing. The existing cloud computing tools tackle only specific problems such as flexible virtual machine, managing parallelized processing on massive data volumes, and large data storage.
Mobile devices inherently have and will continue to have limited resources as processing power, memory capacity, display size, and input forms. These have been the forming factors of existing mobile application approaches. This is why mobile computing is characterized by severe resources constraints and frequent changes in operating conditions. To identify the fundamental challenges in mobile computing, many research are done in this area. The full potential of mobile cloud applications lies in between the following two extremes:
1. Mobile clouds native applications (offline applications)
This is the first model that most of the applications available for modern mobile devices fall into, which is often called “native applications”. The periodical synchronization between the client and backend system is the main issue here. This model acts as a fat client because the processing of the presentation and business logic layer is locally done on the mobile devices, while the data is downloaded from the backend system. Most resources are available locally on the fat client, rather than distributed over a network as is the case with a thin client. As with everything in computer world there are advantages and disadvantages, below are some of them.
Offline applications advantages:
- Have a good integration with device functionality.
- A full access to device features.
- Have a great performance optimized for specific hardware or multitasking.
- Even if there is no network connectivity, always have available capabilities.
Offline applications disadvantages:
- No portability to other platforms.
- Complex coding.
- Increased time to market.
- Developers need to learn new programming languages.
2.Web applications (online applications)
This application model requires that the connection between the mobile devices and the backend systems are available most of the time. This application type is based on the Web technology that is a powerful alternative to native applications in which the cross platform issues are solved. The advantages of this model overcome some of the disadvantages of the offline applications, but it also has some disadvantage.
Online applications advantages:
- Considered as multi platforms.
- Directly accessible from anywhere any time whenever there is connection.
- The learning curve required to start creating mobile applications is greatly minimized, because the knowledge of most Web technologies is currently widespread among developers.
Online applications disadvantages:
- Too much introduced latency for real time responsiveness.
- Device’s features access is limited such as camera or motion detection.
- Difficulties in handling complex scenarios that require keeping communication session for long period of time.
When accessing remote data and services, mobile clients could face problems like, wide variations, rapid changes in network conditions and local resource availability. The execution of current applications could be partitioned to happen on the device or on backend systems, because of this statically partitioned one partitioning model does not satisfy all application types and devices. The computation of clients and cloud has to be adaptive in response to the changes in mobile environments. Mobile cloud applications must react with dynamical adjusting of the computing functionality between the mobile device and the cloud depending on circumstances, in order to enable applications and systems to continue to operate in such dynamic environments.
Many researchers work on how could dynamically shift the responsibilities between mobile device and cloud. Some shown how to achieve that is by replicating whole device software image or offloading parts of the application, so the offloading can happen to some remote data center, nearby computer or cluster of computers, or even to nearby mobile devices, due to the unstable mobile environments. Many factors need to be incorporated in a cost model, and fast predictive optimizing algorithms decide upon the best application execution, thus for many years to come mobile cloud computing will become challenging research area.
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Cloud Architecture
A massive network of servers or even individual PCs interconnected in a grid is the key of cloud computing. These computers run in parallel, combining the resources of each to generate super computing power. One of the primary benefits of cloud computing is a vast amount of computing power achieved from relatively low cost PCs and servers.
The collection of computers and servers that is publicly accessible via the Internet creates the cloud. This hardware is typically owned and operated by a third party on a consolidated basis in one or more data center locations. The machines can run any combination of operating systems. Cloud architecture is deceptively simple, although it does require some intelligent management to connect all those computers together and assign task processing to multitudes of users.
One of the primary uses of cloud computing is for data storage in which data is stored on multiple third party servers rather than on the dedicated servers used in traditional networked data storage. When storing data, the user sees a virtual server and it appears as if the data is stored in a particular place with a specific name. The place does not exist actually and it is just a nickname that is used to reference the virtual space from the cloud. The users data could be stored on any one or more of the computers used to create the cloud, as the cloud dynamically manage available storage space. But even though the location is virtual, the user sees a static location for the data and can actually manages the storage space as if it resides in his own PC. In addition, multiple copies of the same data are stored in the cloud servers. The duplication of the data are kept continually; so the cloud continues to function as normal even if one or more servers go offline or even crashes. Cloud computing solutions are made up of several elements, the clients, the data center, and the distributed servers, as illustrated by Figure 1.1.
- The client’s component
Is the first of the cloud components, and it could be described as the devices that the end users interact with to manage their information on the cloud. Clients are the exact same things that they are in the traditional computing. Clients fall into three main categories:
- Mobile devices which include PDAs or smart phones, like a Blackberry or an iPhone,
- Thin clients which are computers that do not have internal storage, but rather let the server do all the work then just display the information, and
- Thick clients which are regular computers using a Web browser like Firefox or Internet Explorer to connect to the cloud.
- The data center component
These are the collection of web hosting servers where the application to which the user subscribe is hosted. It could be a large room in the basement of a building or a room full of servers on the other side of the world that the user can access via the Internet. A growing trend in the IT world is software that can be installed allowing multiple instances of virtual servers to be used called virtualization servers.
- Distributed Servers
These servers don’t have to be housed in the same location, these servers are hosted in geographically different locations, and the cloud subscriber does even see that. These servers act as if they are single group right next to each other. This gives the service provider more flexibility in options and security. For instance, Amazon has their cloud solution in servers all over the world. If something were to happen at one site, causing a failure, the service would still be accessed through another site. Also, if the cloud needs more hardware, they need not throw more servers in the safe room they can add them at another site and simply make it part of the cloud.
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Cloud Computing Virtualization
Virtualization and cloud computing are dovetailed. Virtualization is a technique in which a complete installation of one machine is run on another. The result is a system in which all software running on the server is within a virtual machine. Virtualization could be one-to-many or many-to-one. One-to-many enables the users to create many virtualized resources from one physical resource. This approach maximizes the resources utilization. Virtual resources hosting individual applications are mapped to physical resources to provide more efficient server utilization.
Many-to-one virtualization enables the creation of virtual or logical resources from multiple physical resources. This is the core context of cloud computing in which multiple physical resources are grouped together to form one cloud. Virtualization refers to OS virtualization as administrators can implement it by VMware, Xen, or other hypervisor-based technologies. Virtualization is not cloud, rather an enabler for establishing and managing clouds. In the Cisco cloud concept, virtualization is extended to incorporate various types of virtualization, such as network, computer, storage, and services. Generally, there are five varieties of cloud services and four types of deployment approaches, Figure 1.1 illustrates these concepts.
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