Content Delivery Network (CDN)
Content distribution network (CDN) is a large distributed system of servers which are deployed in multiple data centers across the Internet. CDNs serve a large fraction of the Internet content today. This include Web objects like text, graphics and scripts, or downloadable objects such as media files, software, documents, or applications like e-commerce, portals, live streaming media, on-demand streaming media, and social networks. The goal of a CDN is to serve content to end users with high availability and high performance. CDNs also offload the traffic served directly from the content provider’s origin infrastructure, resulting in cost savings for the content provider, besides its better performance and availability.
Most important security issue is that CDNs provide the content provider a degree of protection from Denial of Service (DoS) attacks by using their large distributed server infrastructure to absorb the attack traffic. The most famous example today of using the CDN is that the need for some library to build a traditional website. For example, better performance can be achieved when loading a jquery.js library from a CDN, such as the one provided by Google. CDN provides high bandwidth and high performance content delivery.
An increasing number of Internet network owners have built their own CDNs to improve on net content delivery, reduce demand on their own telecommunications infrastructure, and to generate revenues from content customers. Most CDNs are operated as an Application Service Provider (ASP) on the Internet which also known as on-demand software or software as a service. Some larger software companies such as Microsoft build their own CDNs in tandem to their own products. Examples include Windows Azure CDN and Amazon CloudFront, there are many benefits for using CDN, such as:
- Fast using a network of edge locations around the world.
- Simple, a single API calls lets user get started distributing content from CDN to any other applications.
- CDN is designed for use with other custom Web services.
- Cost effective, through scaling user requirement, user pay only for the content delivered through the network.
- Elastic, users don’t need to worry about maintaining expensive Web server capacity to meet the demand from potential traffic spikes for their content.
- Reliable, CDN is built using highly reliable infrastructure, the distributed nature of edge locations used by CDN automatically routes end users to the closest available location as required by network conditions. CDN constantly monitors and optimizes for both availability and performance.
- Global CDN uses a global network of edge locations, located near your end users in the United States, Europe, Asia, and South America.
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Browser Webkit & Web Sites
The most popular layout engine software component that is embedded in most Web browsers is called WebKit, which is a component that allow Web browsers to render Web pages. All the 9 top mobile Web browsers presented earlier use this WebKit. The WebKit’s HyperText Markup Language (HTML) and JavaScript code originally began as a fork of the KHTML, which was developed by the K Desktop Environment (KDE) project. It is the engine originally used by the Konqueror Web browser. KDE is an international free software community producing an integrated set of cross-platform applications designed to run on Linux. KDE javaScript (KJS) libraries from KDE is now been further developed by individuals from KDE. On April 3, 2013 Google announced that it had forked WebCore, a component of WebKit to be used in future versions of Google Chrome and Opera.
WebKit’s JavaScriptCore and WebCore components are available under the General Public License (GNU), while the rest of WebKit is available under Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) licenses, which is a family of permissive free software licenses. WebCore responsible for layout, rendering, and Document Object Model (DOM) library for HTML and SVG and its license is under General Public License (GUN). JavaScriptCore is a framework that provides a JavaScript engine for WebKit implementations and provides this type of scripting in other contexts. JavaScriptCore is originally derived from KDE’s KJS library which is part of the KDE project and the Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) library. JavaScriptCore has been improved with many new features and greatly improved performance.
On June 2, 2008, the WebKit project announced the rewriting of JavaScriptCore as “SquirrelFish”, a bytecode interpreter. The project evolved into SquirrelFish Extreme, announced on September 18, 2008, which compiles JavaScript into native machine code, eliminating the need for a bytecode interpreter and thus speeding up JavaScript execution. Last component of the Drosera is a JavaScript debugger that was included with the nightly builds of WebKit. It was named after Drosera, a genus of carnivorous plants. Drosera has been replaced by the inclusion of debugging functions in the Web inspector.
Benefits of the Mobile Web
The mobile Web or Web on the move is browsing the Internet from a device with small screen and limited resources. This gives mobile users many benefits such as:
- Constant Connectivity
Accessing the Web from mobile devices provides the users with around the clock access to the Internet regardless of their location.
- Interactive Capabilities
Mobile Web offers users the participatory experience of the read/write Web in the mobile devices of their hand.
- Location Aware
Many of today’s smart phones and tables have global positioning system (GPS) capabilities which make them aware of where they are at any time.
- Limitless Access
Mobile Web encompasses the whole Web, not only those sites which have been specially designed for mobile browsing.
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Cloud Computing the Way of the Future
In traditional desktop, the whole scene is PC centric, run copies of software programs on each computer. The created documents are stored on the computer in which they were created. Documents can be accessed from other computers on the network and they can’t be accessed by computers outside the network unless configured otherwise. In cloud computing, the software programs aren’t run from the client computer, but are rather stored on servers accessed via the Internet. The software is available for use and anyone with the right permission can access the documents. Meanwhile, editing and collaborating with other users in real time can be done easily. Figure 1.1 illustrates that from traditional desktop applications to cloud applications, now companies will not pay for the hardware and maintenance, the service provider pays for the equipment and maintenance.
With network computing, applications and documents are hosted on a single company’s server and accessed over the company’s network. Cloud computing isn’t a network computing. Cloud computing encompasses multiple companies, multiple servers, and multiple networks. Unlike network computing, cloud services and storage are accessible from anywhere in the world over an Internet connection while in network computing the access is over the company’s network only. According to the user perspective the technology and infrastructure behind the cloud is invisible. Whether cloud services are based on HTTP, HTML, XML, JavaScript, or other specific technologies, there are six main properties of cloud computing:
- Cloud computing is user centric
Once users are connected to the cloud, the stored documents, messages, images, and applications can be accessed. In addition, not only is the data accessed, but also users can share with others and access all devices connected to the same cloud account.
- Cloud computing is task centric
Instead of focusing on the application and what it can do, the focus is on what the users need to be done and how the application can do it for them.
- Cloud computing is powerful
Connecting hundreds or thousands of computers together in a cloud creates a wealth of computing power impossible with a single desktop PC.
- Cloud computing is accessible
Because data is stored in the cloud, users can instantly retrieve more information from multiple repositories. Users are not limited to a single source of data, as with a desktop PC.
- Cloud computing is intelligent
With all the various data stored on the computers in a cloud, data mining and analysis are necessary to access that information in an intelligent manner.
- Cloud computing is programmable
Many of the tasks necessary with cloud computing must be automated. For example, to protect the integrity of the data, information stored on a single computer in the cloud must be replicated on other computers in the cloud. If that one computer goes offline, the cloud’s programming automatically redistributes that computer’s data to a new computer in the cloud.
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