Pros and Cons of Cloud Computing
As with everything in the IT world, there are pros and cons and this burgeoning technology offers several advantages and disadvantages. Following is a list some advantages of cloud computing followed by the disadvantages.
Cloud computing advantages
- Improved performance: when the applications are run from the cloud, a better performance is expected and the computers running over cloud system will boot up faster and run faster, due to the fact that fewer programs and processes are loaded into memory.
- Increased computing power: users of the cloud can obtain the power of the entire cloud system, are not limited to the PC power, and can do tasks with the power of thousands of computers and servers.
- Unlimited storage capacity: cloud users will get virtually unlimited storage capacity that is not compared to the storage space of local PCs with the million of gigabytes that are available in the cloud.
- Lower cost computers for users: application runs in the cloud not on the desktop PC and the PC doesn’t need the processing power or hard disk space, thus cloud computing is lower priced, with smaller hard disks, less memory, more efficient processors.
- Lower IT infrastructure costs: no investment in large numbers of more powerful servers, companies will not have to purchase hardware equipment, this computing resources needs are easily handled by computers and servers in the cloud.
- Lower software costs: there is no need to purchase separate software packages for each computer, employees will use the desired application from the cloud, even if the cost of using cloud application is the same like desktop software, and it’s not, but the cost saving of installing and maintaining those programs on every desktop in the organization is great.
- Increased data safety: when using desktop computer, what will happen if the hard disk is crashed or destroyed? This will not happen in the cloud because if there is a storage crash in the cloud this will not affect the data that is automatically duplicated in the cloud storage, so nothing is ever lost.
- Improved compatibility between operating systems: If the network has a heterogeneous OS, like if the user wants a Linux machine to share data to Windows or Mac, users will not face these compatibility problems in cloud. The users can access the cloud from any platform and share or access any documents meaning the matter is the data not the OS.
- Improved document format compatibility: The document format compatibly of the OS will not exist in the cloud and all documents that are created or used are done through the cloud application resulting in no incompatible formats.
- Easier group collaboration: This is one of the most important advantages of cloud computing in which many users can access and share the same document at the same time. Group collaboration means faster completion of most group projects which enables access from different geographic locations.
- Removes the tether to specific devices: This is another important cloud computing advantage in which the users are not tied to a single computer or network. Moving to a mobile devices is welcome and there is no need to buy a special version of a program for a particular device. The users just need to save their documents on the cloud and could open them from any device everywhere.
- Latest version availability: cloud always will host the latest version of users documents and editing from anywhere will get the latest version.
- Instant software updates: An important advantage to cloud computing is that there is no choice between obsolete software and high upgrade costs. Cloud applications updates will done automatically and are available each time users access the cloud applications without paying for downloading an upgrades.
- Fewer maintenance issues: cloud computing greatly reduces both hardware and software maintenance for organizations of all sizes. For the hardware, if there is a fewer servers utilized in the organization, then the maintenance costs are immediately lowered, also the software maintenance can be reduced.
Cloud computing disadvantages
- Requires a constant Internet connection: it is impossible to work with the cloud without good Internet connection. If not available, the users will not be able to access their applications and documents and this is considered as one of the big disadvantage of cloud computing.
- Doesn’t work well with low speed connections: slow Internet connection such as dial-up services makes cloud computing painful and often impossible. Cloud applications require a good bandwidth to work and with a slow connection users will just be able to switch application pages not doing a real work.
- Can be slow: Cloud Web based applications can sometimes be slower than accessing a similar software program on the user’s desktop PC, even on a fast connection. The application interface on cloud have to be sent back to the cloud servers, unlike the traditional desktop application which run over the same PC, making it faster.
- Features might be limited: Web based applications is simpler than the full featured desktop based, and this is a main disadvantage of cloud. The normal users might like to work on desktop PC rather than jump to the cloud, and that’s why cloud applications today try to add more advanced features over time.
- Stored data might not be secure: The cloud users’ data is stored on the cloud storage and the problem is how to secure the cloud itself. The confidentiality of data is a very important issue to prevent unauthorized users gaining access to confidential data.
- What if the cloud loses your data: the data over cloud is unusually safe and the cloud storage implements a replication plan across multiple machines. However, if the users’ data is lost from the cloud, there is no physical or local backup, unless the users are periodically download their cloud data and keep local backup at their Desktops.
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The Two Extremes of Mobile Applications
The foundation for a new era of computing model, which is called mobile cloud computing, comes from the combination of cloud computing, portable computing devices, wireless communication, location based services, mobile Web, etc.. The mobile devices allow the users to access an unlimited computing power and storage space within the mobile domain. There are many hurdles to overcome in mobile cloud computing. The existing cloud computing tools tackle only specific problems such as flexible virtual machine, managing parallelized processing on massive data volumes, and large data storage.
Mobile devices inherently have and will continue to have limited resources as processing power, memory capacity, display size, and input forms. These have been the forming factors of existing mobile application approaches. This is why mobile computing is characterized by severe resources constraints and frequent changes in operating conditions. To identify the fundamental challenges in mobile computing, many research are done in this area. The full potential of mobile cloud applications lies in between the following two extremes:
1. Mobile clouds native applications (offline applications)
This is the first model that most of the applications available for modern mobile devices fall into, which is often called “native applications”. The periodical synchronization between the client and backend system is the main issue here. This model acts as a fat client because the processing of the presentation and business logic layer is locally done on the mobile devices, while the data is downloaded from the backend system. Most resources are available locally on the fat client, rather than distributed over a network as is the case with a thin client. As with everything in computer world there are advantages and disadvantages, below are some of them.
Offline applications advantages:
- Have a good integration with device functionality.
- A full access to device features.
- Have a great performance optimized for specific hardware or multitasking.
- Even if there is no network connectivity, always have available capabilities.
Offline applications disadvantages:
- No portability to other platforms.
- Complex coding.
- Increased time to market.
- Developers need to learn new programming languages.
2.Web applications (online applications)
This application model requires that the connection between the mobile devices and the backend systems are available most of the time. This application type is based on the Web technology that is a powerful alternative to native applications in which the cross platform issues are solved. The advantages of this model overcome some of the disadvantages of the offline applications, but it also has some disadvantage.
Online applications advantages:
- Considered as multi platforms.
- Directly accessible from anywhere any time whenever there is connection.
- The learning curve required to start creating mobile applications is greatly minimized, because the knowledge of most Web technologies is currently widespread among developers.
Online applications disadvantages:
- Too much introduced latency for real time responsiveness.
- Device’s features access is limited such as camera or motion detection.
- Difficulties in handling complex scenarios that require keeping communication session for long period of time.
When accessing remote data and services, mobile clients could face problems like, wide variations, rapid changes in network conditions and local resource availability. The execution of current applications could be partitioned to happen on the device or on backend systems, because of this statically partitioned one partitioning model does not satisfy all application types and devices. The computation of clients and cloud has to be adaptive in response to the changes in mobile environments. Mobile cloud applications must react with dynamical adjusting of the computing functionality between the mobile device and the cloud depending on circumstances, in order to enable applications and systems to continue to operate in such dynamic environments.
Many researchers work on how could dynamically shift the responsibilities between mobile device and cloud. Some shown how to achieve that is by replicating whole device software image or offloading parts of the application, so the offloading can happen to some remote data center, nearby computer or cluster of computers, or even to nearby mobile devices, due to the unstable mobile environments. Many factors need to be incorporated in a cost model, and fast predictive optimizing algorithms decide upon the best application execution, thus for many years to come mobile cloud computing will become challenging research area.
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Web Hosting Services- Top Hosting Eg Provider, The Best Web Hosting Packages, EGYPT Web Hosting Packages 2020
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OneHoster.com provides high quality affordable web hosting solutions. We maintain our own dedicated servers, running Linux and windows operating system. Network monitoring software ensures servers uptime and necessary bandwidth that you can rely on for your applications, we offer solutions for all your web hosting needs, OneHoster.com for web hosting services is considered one of the best web hosting companies in Egypt and Middle East. Click here to lists the three hosting options to choose from. Prices do not include domain registration fees.
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Advantages of Mobile Web Design
Mobile web have limitations but have also some advantages the biggest benefit that the user can access information from anywhere at any time, also the numbers of mobile devices is higher than the desktop so there is a big chance to access information from this devices than desktop.
There is some other advantage to use mobile web like make a call or send short message service (SMS) it seems simple but it’s great option for web site owner, imagine that you have a web site for fast food and your users can make online order, if you are a desktop user you will do this steps, open the web site select any meal that you want then fill a form with all your data, but if you are a mobile user you will just select your meal and simply use a link to call the restaurant to complete the order or simply send SMS to order this is an easy task that could done only to mobile users using the mobile code features for this.
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Cloud Deployment Approaches
Cloud computing services are offered through some cloud deployment approaches. Cloud deployment service can be classified into four main types, public, private, community, or hybrid. Cloud framework begins with the physical hardware of the cloud. The virtualization layer comes above the hardware layer, the next layer is the cloud management layer, and the final layer is the cloud services layer which is deployed by the cloud providers to make the cloud provisions available to the cloud consumers such as IaaS, PaaS and SaaS. Figure 1.1 illustrates this concept.
Cloud deployment models used to power the organization to provide services to its customers, choosing the deployment model is one of the biggest challenges that face any organization. One of the most common strategies is the public cloud services for development and test or less critical applications, allocating business critical applications to a more enterprise class cloud and running their mission critical apps on an in house cloud. Following is a discussion of the deployment types. Figure 1.2 illustrates the current percentage for each of these types.
Private Clouds
When there is an internal data centers of a business or organization and is not made available for the public, it is called a private cloud. Sometimes private cloud named as an internal cloud and this type of cloud exists within the boundaries of an organization. Private cloud is a computing platform or architecture that provides hosted services to a limited number of people behind a firewall. The infrastructure for private cloud is operated solely for a single organization, but it managed internally by a third-party that hosted internally or externally. The virtualization and distributed computing is required to setup a private cloud project, this makes the organization reevaluate decisions about existing resources. Organizations should buy, build, and manage the hardware and software by themselves.
Private cloud is designed to offer the same features and benefits of public cloud systems, but removes a number of objections to the cloud computing model including control over enterprise and customer data due to worries about security and issues connected to regulatory compliance. Because a private cloud setup is implemented safely within the corporate firewall, the implementation is aimed to avoid many of the objections regarding cloud computing security. A private cloud provides more control over the company’s data and ensures security, albeit with greater potential risk for data loss due to natural disaster. When an organization implements the private cloud, it is responsible for running and managing the IT resources instead of passing this responsibility on to a third-party cloud provider.
Public Clouds
Public cloud is a computing environment that consists of a set of computers and computer network resources based on the standard cloud computing model that is open for use to the public. Public cloud is a cloud services provided by third parties but hosted and managed by the service providers. The infrastructure is owned by an organization that sale the cloud services to the general public or to a large industry group. Using public cloud, users could delegate all service management and support to the service provider who is taking the responsibility of installation, management, provisioning, and maintenance. Applications, storage, and other resources are made available to the general public by the service provider. Public cloud customers only access and use the services and physical resources and they are charged for the used resources and services only.
There is a special type of deployment model called Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) that comes to exist when the service provider uses public cloud resources to develop a private cloud environment. Users can create a VPC as configurable pool of shared computing resources allocated within a public cloud environment. Figure 1.3 illustrates the way to create virtual private cloud. The cloud provider usually choose the hardware and the cloud users cannot do this like in the private cloud. The virtualization and device independence is very clear in this type, so the public cloud can be described as an external cloud when viewed from within a given organization.
Community clouds
When sharing infrastructure between several sites and organizations with common issues such as security, compliance, etc., this is called a community cloud. It is hosted internally or externally and could be managed internally or by a third party. The cost is spread over fewer users than a public cloud, only some of the cost savings potential of cloud computing are realized. Community cloud is best when looking for energy, cost efficiency, and vertical applications. Any software that support specific business processes to targets a smaller number of users within an organization called a vertical application. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) are examples of vertical applications.
All kinds of underutilized and unutilized computing machines are being networked, clustered, and virtualized to act as a community cloud that is capable of effortlessly to tackle specific needs of a particular community. Community cloud offers an alternative architecture for the use cases of cloud computing. The community cloud is not owned or controlled by one organization, and therefore not dependent on the lifespan or failure of any one organization. It is resilient to failure and robust, with no system wide cascade failures, because of the diversity of its supporting nodes. Community cloud offer control convenience because its community ownership provides for democratic distributed control. Community cloud makes use of underutilized user machines that require much less energy than the dedicated data centers required for vendor Clouds.
Hybrid Clouds Enterprises
The combination of private, community, and/or public clouds are called hybrid clouds. This composition of two or more clouds offers the benefits of multiple deployment models. This type of composition expands deployment for could services and allow organizations to use public cloud resources to meet temporary needs. This allows hybrid cloud to enable cloud bursting for scaling across clouds. The common big misperception is that cloud computing implies an external cloud, based on public cloud services. But the fact is that cloud computing is how to approach information technology. It is a way of doing computing, not a destination. Most enterprises will benefit from adopting cloud computing within their own data centers building which is a private clouds, and getting there in an evolutionary way through their existing virtualization technology. Figure 1.4 illustrates how hybrid cloud infrastructure works.
Cloud bursting is an application deployment model in which an application runs in a private cloud or data center and bursts to a public cloud when the demand for computing capacity increases. Primary advantage of cloud bursting and a hybrid cloud model is that an organization only pays for extra compute resources when needed. Cloud bursting enables data centers to create an in house IT infrastructure that supports average workloads and use cloud resources from public or private clouds during spikes in processing demands. A high degree of fault tolerance combined with locally immediate usability is obtained when using hybrid cloud architecture without depending on Internet connectivity. Hybrid cloud architecture requires both on premises resources and off site or remote server based cloud infrastructure. Hybrid cloud provides the flexibility of in house applications with the fault tolerance and scalability of cloud based services.
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Evolution of the Internet
The Internet is far more than just the World Wide Web. The Web was created in 1989 and became popular in the 1990s. In contrast, the Internet is a product of the1960s. The Internet is a vast network of networks that electronically connects millions of people worldwide. It was formed in 1968, when the U.S. Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) funded what would become the first global computer network, the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). ARPA later became the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The ARPANET allowed university and government engineers to research and work from any location on the network. ARPANET’s design featured multiple hosts and multiple connections among those hosts, which greatly reduced the chances of total network failure. There was no central hub, which would have created a point of vulnerability; rather, control was spread throughout the network. This decentralization resulted in a robust and reliable network that would continue to function even if some of the hosts were incapacitated.
In 1989, the Department of Defense decommissioned the ARPANET, and all the sites switched over to the National Science Foundation (NSF) network, called NSFnet. The NSF increased the number of supercomputers to five and added access to more networks, expanding the range of sites for businesses, universities, and government and military installations. The NSFnet, plus thousands of others, compose what has become the largest network of networks: the Internet.
The World Wide Web if the most important concept to remember is that the Web is not a network itself, like the Internet, but a set of software programs. These programs can be used on many different computer networks, including the Internet and your company’s computer network, the Web presents information through multimedia formats: graphics, sound, animation, and video. It employs several tools to provide a visual layout: hypertext links, browser software, and code structure.
The Web resembles an electronic library, and therefore each location or Web site is like a book. Each book has a contents page that directs you to the other pages in the book, as well as to all the other books in the electronic library. At the beginning of the internet these books are created using the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), after a while there was another technologies that embedded with HTMLs along with interactive objects such as Java, JavaScript and VBScript can add extensive functionality to Web pages.
As we see in this brief overview for the evolution of the internet and the web, we notice that the web was first design to just provide information that could be accessed from desktop computers, in the early days of the web there was no mobile devices and there was no need to access it from such devices, but now a days when the mobile technology run very fast and when mobile become an important part of our daily life here accessing the Internet from mobile devices is becoming increasingly popular. Web access from mobile devices presents its own unique challenges, Mobile web users face a big problem that the majority of web content is tailored for desktop computers; there were many trials to solve this problem. The principal objective is to improve the user experience of the web when accessed from such devices.
Researchers try to find solution to make mobile web users able to run the web from their devices but they face many problem and they have to solve them, there was many problems that is related to the hard ware of the mobile devices like small display area, lower processor memory and many other limitations that we will discuss, and there is also some software problems like each mobile device run its own operating system and its web browser also, here in this thesis we will focus on the problem of different screen size and how can we adopt the web site to match this verity of screens.
There was much researches that was done in this area, some of them focus on how can we have two versions of each web site one for the desktop users and other for a mobile users and how the mobile version should be, some others focus on create only one version and have a small module that re-author the original web to have a new version that could match the mobile users, also there was some peoples say that we don’t have to make another version to match mobile we can run the desktop version if we don’t have much users for this web site.
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Exceptional Performance for Improving Web Site Performance
Browsing Web site is an important example of client server model in the world, if you plan to create a web site you should know that the client browser will get a local copy of the desired page to your machine then render it from the local source, so if the page what the user want to show it is a large size user will go out and will not back again, this problem led us to design a very light page size, page size is the total of the page code and all its content like images, scripts, CSS and any content that the user will see it.
If we target a good exceptional performance for mobile web or even desktop user we must follow some practices for making web pages fast, Yahoo!’s exceptional performance team evangelizes best practices for improving web performance. They conduct research, build tools, write articles and blogs, and speak at conferences. Their best practices center on the rules for high performance web sites, the principal objective is to improve the user experience of the Web when accessed.
The Exceptional Performance team has identified a number of best practices for making web pages fast. The list includes 34 best practices divided into 7 categories:
Content
- Make Fewer HTTP Requests
- Reduce DNS Lookups
- Avoid Redirects
- Make Ajax Cacheable
- Post-load Components
- Preload Components
- Reduce the Number of DOM Elements
- Split Components across Domains
- Minimize the Number of iframes
- No 404s
Server
- Use a Content Delivery Network
- Add an Expires or a Cache-Control Header
- Gzip Components
- Configure ETags
- Flush the Buffer Early
- Use GET for AJAX Requests
Cookie
- Reduce Cookie Size
- Use Cookie-free Domains for Components
CSS
- Put Style sheets at the Top
- Avoid CSS Expressions
- Choose <link> over @import
- Avoid Filters
JavaScript
- Put Scripts at the Bottom
- Make JavaScript and CSS External
- Minify JavaScript and CSS
- Remove Duplicate Scripts
- Minimize DOM Access
- Develop Smart Event Handlers
Images
- Optimize Images
- Optimize CSS Sprites
- Don’t Scale Images in HTML
- Make favicon.ico Small and Cacheable
Mobile
- Keep Components under 25K
- Pack Components into a Multipart Document
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Browser Webkit & Web Sites
The most popular layout engine software component that is embedded in most Web browsers is called WebKit, which is a component that allow Web browsers to render Web pages. All the 9 top mobile Web browsers presented earlier use this WebKit. The WebKit’s HyperText Markup Language (HTML) and JavaScript code originally began as a fork of the KHTML, which was developed by the K Desktop Environment (KDE) project. It is the engine originally used by the Konqueror Web browser. KDE is an international free software community producing an integrated set of cross-platform applications designed to run on Linux. KDE javaScript (KJS) libraries from KDE is now been further developed by individuals from KDE. On April 3, 2013 Google announced that it had forked WebCore, a component of WebKit to be used in future versions of Google Chrome and Opera.
WebKit’s JavaScriptCore and WebCore components are available under the General Public License (GNU), while the rest of WebKit is available under Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) licenses, which is a family of permissive free software licenses. WebCore responsible for layout, rendering, and Document Object Model (DOM) library for HTML and SVG and its license is under General Public License (GUN). JavaScriptCore is a framework that provides a JavaScript engine for WebKit implementations and provides this type of scripting in other contexts. JavaScriptCore is originally derived from KDE’s KJS library which is part of the KDE project and the Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) library. JavaScriptCore has been improved with many new features and greatly improved performance.
On June 2, 2008, the WebKit project announced the rewriting of JavaScriptCore as “SquirrelFish”, a bytecode interpreter. The project evolved into SquirrelFish Extreme, announced on September 18, 2008, which compiles JavaScript into native machine code, eliminating the need for a bytecode interpreter and thus speeding up JavaScript execution. Last component of the Drosera is a JavaScript debugger that was included with the nightly builds of WebKit. It was named after Drosera, a genus of carnivorous plants. Drosera has been replaced by the inclusion of debugging functions in the Web inspector.
Benefits of the Mobile Web
The mobile Web or Web on the move is browsing the Internet from a device with small screen and limited resources. This gives mobile users many benefits such as:
- Constant Connectivity
Accessing the Web from mobile devices provides the users with around the clock access to the Internet regardless of their location.
- Interactive Capabilities
Mobile Web offers users the participatory experience of the read/write Web in the mobile devices of their hand.
- Location Aware
Many of today’s smart phones and tables have global positioning system (GPS) capabilities which make them aware of where they are at any time.
- Limitless Access
Mobile Web encompasses the whole Web, not only those sites which have been specially designed for mobile browsing.
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8 Web Design Challenges to Tackle When Designing for the Mobile Web Site
The top 8 design challenges to tackle when designing for the mobile Web . Many of these challenges should also be taken into consideration when designing mobile apps as well.
- Lack of a hover state
The ability to hover mouse over an image, icon or text to see reference information or options, is absent. On mobile platforms and devices, features can generally be accessed in two ways, visibly or through convention. Visible content is accessible visually from navigation elements that are built into the design or application . Convention features utilize mobile design conventions or gestures such as swiping, shaking or pull to refresh/reload.
2. Slow and error-prone typing
Typing on a touch keyboard is often a slow and error prone experience no matter what size your fingers are. Helping the users with features like auto complete functionality, inline & address validation and allowing users to review pages before submission can help with this issue.
3. Reduced context
Smaller screens limit the amount of information that can help keep a user on track especially those who need to zoom in to view content in a readable state.
4. Decreased accuracy of clicking links and button
Small size problem and proximity of clickable (or touchable) elements, control buttons, and navigation bars are severe, especially with the lack of a hover state challenge.
5. No right-click
As the right click menu acts as a context based shortcut for common features, most mobile devices lack this option. In some brands, try using a ‘tab-and-hold’ gesture instead.
6. Poor connectivity
Mobile devices are usually associated with the intermittent connectivity issues and the slow download speed. It’s really a two pronged issue:
- No connection: While users probably won’t expect offline mode from the website provider, at least there must be a way to handle lost connections gracefully
- Slow download speeds: If Web content should be usable on slower connections, then it is highly desirable to make footprint as small as possible by implementing aggressive asset caching, Using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS3), etc.
7. Slow hardware
While the performance of touch devices is improving rapidly, still are slow when compared with desktop computers. Issues left for web designers of slow hardware include transitions effects and animations.
8. Usage situation
Due to the fact that the unique feature of mobile devices is mobility, there must be a consideration of the impact of real world distractions, a speaker announcement, walking in traffic, etc. Another and possibly important sources of distractions are the digital interruptions text messages, phone calls, push notifications, etc.
The mobile browsers are associated with the same limitations like the mobile Web, such as:
- Small screen size: This makes it difficult or impossible to see text and graphics available on the standard size of a desktop computer screen,
- Lack of windows: Ability to open several windows simultaneously and switch easily
- Navigation: No mouse, thereby limiting the flexibility in navigation
- Lack of JavaScript and cookies: Most mobile devices do not support client-side scripting and storage of cookies except some smart phones and iPhones, which is not suitable for uniquely identifying visitors using mobile devices
- Speed: Most mobile devices speed of service is very slow, often slower than dial-up Internet access
- Types of pages content like (Flash, PDF …)
- Compressed pages
- Size of messages: Many mobile devices have limitation on the number of characters that can be sent in an email message
- Cost: Access and bandwidth charges levied by cell phone networks are much higher than those for fixed-line Internet access.
Currently, vendors of mobile devices attempt to solve most of the previous problems thought developing some strategies like increasing the screen size, enhancing the hard resources (CPU & memory), developing new Operating Systems (OS), improving the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network, or adding network cards to provide the wireless access thought the Wi-Fi technology.
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