Cloud Deployment Approaches
Cloud computing services are offered through some cloud deployment approaches. Cloud deployment service can be classified into four main types, public, private, community, or hybrid. Cloud framework begins with the physical hardware of the cloud. The virtualization layer comes above the hardware layer, the next layer is the cloud management layer, and the final layer is the cloud services layer which is deployed by the cloud providers to make the cloud provisions available to the cloud consumers such as IaaS, PaaS and SaaS. Figure 1.1 illustrates this concept.
Cloud deployment models used to power the organization to provide services to its customers, choosing the deployment model is one of the biggest challenges that face any organization. One of the most common strategies is the public cloud services for development and test or less critical applications, allocating business critical applications to a more enterprise class cloud and running their mission critical apps on an in house cloud. Following is a discussion of the deployment types. Figure 1.2 illustrates the current percentage for each of these types.
Private Clouds
When there is an internal data centers of a business or organization and is not made available for the public, it is called a private cloud. Sometimes private cloud named as an internal cloud and this type of cloud exists within the boundaries of an organization. Private cloud is a computing platform or architecture that provides hosted services to a limited number of people behind a firewall. The infrastructure for private cloud is operated solely for a single organization, but it managed internally by a third-party that hosted internally or externally. The virtualization and distributed computing is required to setup a private cloud project, this makes the organization reevaluate decisions about existing resources. Organizations should buy, build, and manage the hardware and software by themselves.
Private cloud is designed to offer the same features and benefits of public cloud systems, but removes a number of objections to the cloud computing model including control over enterprise and customer data due to worries about security and issues connected to regulatory compliance. Because a private cloud setup is implemented safely within the corporate firewall, the implementation is aimed to avoid many of the objections regarding cloud computing security. A private cloud provides more control over the company’s data and ensures security, albeit with greater potential risk for data loss due to natural disaster. When an organization implements the private cloud, it is responsible for running and managing the IT resources instead of passing this responsibility on to a third-party cloud provider.
Public Clouds
Public cloud is a computing environment that consists of a set of computers and computer network resources based on the standard cloud computing model that is open for use to the public. Public cloud is a cloud services provided by third parties but hosted and managed by the service providers. The infrastructure is owned by an organization that sale the cloud services to the general public or to a large industry group. Using public cloud, users could delegate all service management and support to the service provider who is taking the responsibility of installation, management, provisioning, and maintenance. Applications, storage, and other resources are made available to the general public by the service provider. Public cloud customers only access and use the services and physical resources and they are charged for the used resources and services only.
There is a special type of deployment model called Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) that comes to exist when the service provider uses public cloud resources to develop a private cloud environment. Users can create a VPC as configurable pool of shared computing resources allocated within a public cloud environment. Figure 1.3 illustrates the way to create virtual private cloud. The cloud provider usually choose the hardware and the cloud users cannot do this like in the private cloud. The virtualization and device independence is very clear in this type, so the public cloud can be described as an external cloud when viewed from within a given organization.
Community clouds
When sharing infrastructure between several sites and organizations with common issues such as security, compliance, etc., this is called a community cloud. It is hosted internally or externally and could be managed internally or by a third party. The cost is spread over fewer users than a public cloud, only some of the cost savings potential of cloud computing are realized. Community cloud is best when looking for energy, cost efficiency, and vertical applications. Any software that support specific business processes to targets a smaller number of users within an organization called a vertical application. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) are examples of vertical applications.
All kinds of underutilized and unutilized computing machines are being networked, clustered, and virtualized to act as a community cloud that is capable of effortlessly to tackle specific needs of a particular community. Community cloud offers an alternative architecture for the use cases of cloud computing. The community cloud is not owned or controlled by one organization, and therefore not dependent on the lifespan or failure of any one organization. It is resilient to failure and robust, with no system wide cascade failures, because of the diversity of its supporting nodes. Community cloud offer control convenience because its community ownership provides for democratic distributed control. Community cloud makes use of underutilized user machines that require much less energy than the dedicated data centers required for vendor Clouds.
Hybrid Clouds Enterprises
The combination of private, community, and/or public clouds are called hybrid clouds. This composition of two or more clouds offers the benefits of multiple deployment models. This type of composition expands deployment for could services and allow organizations to use public cloud resources to meet temporary needs. This allows hybrid cloud to enable cloud bursting for scaling across clouds. The common big misperception is that cloud computing implies an external cloud, based on public cloud services. But the fact is that cloud computing is how to approach information technology. It is a way of doing computing, not a destination. Most enterprises will benefit from adopting cloud computing within their own data centers building which is a private clouds, and getting there in an evolutionary way through their existing virtualization technology. Figure 1.4 illustrates how hybrid cloud infrastructure works.
Cloud bursting is an application deployment model in which an application runs in a private cloud or data center and bursts to a public cloud when the demand for computing capacity increases. Primary advantage of cloud bursting and a hybrid cloud model is that an organization only pays for extra compute resources when needed. Cloud bursting enables data centers to create an in house IT infrastructure that supports average workloads and use cloud resources from public or private clouds during spikes in processing demands. A high degree of fault tolerance combined with locally immediate usability is obtained when using hybrid cloud architecture without depending on Internet connectivity. Hybrid cloud architecture requires both on premises resources and off site or remote server based cloud infrastructure. Hybrid cloud provides the flexibility of in house applications with the fault tolerance and scalability of cloud based services.
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Evolution of the Internet
The Internet is far more than just the World Wide Web. The Web was created in 1989 and became popular in the 1990s. In contrast, the Internet is a product of the1960s. The Internet is a vast network of networks that electronically connects millions of people worldwide. It was formed in 1968, when the U.S. Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) funded what would become the first global computer network, the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). ARPA later became the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The ARPANET allowed university and government engineers to research and work from any location on the network. ARPANET’s design featured multiple hosts and multiple connections among those hosts, which greatly reduced the chances of total network failure. There was no central hub, which would have created a point of vulnerability; rather, control was spread throughout the network. This decentralization resulted in a robust and reliable network that would continue to function even if some of the hosts were incapacitated.
In 1989, the Department of Defense decommissioned the ARPANET, and all the sites switched over to the National Science Foundation (NSF) network, called NSFnet. The NSF increased the number of supercomputers to five and added access to more networks, expanding the range of sites for businesses, universities, and government and military installations. The NSFnet, plus thousands of others, compose what has become the largest network of networks: the Internet.
The World Wide Web if the most important concept to remember is that the Web is not a network itself, like the Internet, but a set of software programs. These programs can be used on many different computer networks, including the Internet and your company’s computer network, the Web presents information through multimedia formats: graphics, sound, animation, and video. It employs several tools to provide a visual layout: hypertext links, browser software, and code structure.
The Web resembles an electronic library, and therefore each location or Web site is like a book. Each book has a contents page that directs you to the other pages in the book, as well as to all the other books in the electronic library. At the beginning of the internet these books are created using the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), after a while there was another technologies that embedded with HTMLs along with interactive objects such as Java, JavaScript and VBScript can add extensive functionality to Web pages.
As we see in this brief overview for the evolution of the internet and the web, we notice that the web was first design to just provide information that could be accessed from desktop computers, in the early days of the web there was no mobile devices and there was no need to access it from such devices, but now a days when the mobile technology run very fast and when mobile become an important part of our daily life here accessing the Internet from mobile devices is becoming increasingly popular. Web access from mobile devices presents its own unique challenges, Mobile web users face a big problem that the majority of web content is tailored for desktop computers; there were many trials to solve this problem. The principal objective is to improve the user experience of the web when accessed from such devices.
Researchers try to find solution to make mobile web users able to run the web from their devices but they face many problem and they have to solve them, there was many problems that is related to the hard ware of the mobile devices like small display area, lower processor memory and many other limitations that we will discuss, and there is also some software problems like each mobile device run its own operating system and its web browser also, here in this thesis we will focus on the problem of different screen size and how can we adopt the web site to match this verity of screens.
There was much researches that was done in this area, some of them focus on how can we have two versions of each web site one for the desktop users and other for a mobile users and how the mobile version should be, some others focus on create only one version and have a small module that re-author the original web to have a new version that could match the mobile users, also there was some peoples say that we don’t have to make another version to match mobile we can run the desktop version if we don’t have much users for this web site.
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Planning the Structure of Your Mobile Web Site
While structuring a mobile website, we must spend enough time on information architecture design, if the user has to spend too much time to locate the information he/she wants, they may get bugged and go away, no businessman or even normal user would like that, all web site owners certainly not going to allow that, here is some guide lines we should follow them:
- Define user personas: Who is going to use the web site? What’s the target market? In what circumstances will they come to the site? What’s the context? List down typical users who would use the application.
- Define user goals: What tasks do they want to achieve on the web site? Is there a better way of achieving these goals than a typical website flow? Why would they want to do this task over a mobile? How does your mobile site help them accomplish their goals?
- Define target devices: Do you want to limit to a particular set of devices? Or use some device-specific feature? Do you want to use SMS/Phone capabilities?
- Do paper prototypes: Sketch out the workflow for accomplishing user goals on paper (yes, pen and paper are still useful!).
- Test with real users: Show the prototype to real users and get their feedback, Make modifications, accordingly.
- Make XHTML prototype and test again: After you’ve passed the paper prototyping round, convert the prototypes into XHTML MP. Now test them on target mobile devices. Test them also with real users and make modifications till you get things right.
Here are also a few tips you can keep in mind when you work on your mobile websites:
- Take a minimum approach, remove everything that you can.
- Respect the user’s time, money, and attention. Don’t frustrate them.
- Do task centered design and focus on user goals.
- Give less choice no long menus, no long options, and no long pages.
- Maximum 10 links on a page.
- Navigation should be drill down, and contextual. Customize navigation, according to the page, no more than 5 levels of drilling down.
- No pages with just links to drill down further, make sure each page has valuable content. Even the homepage should have actionable content.
- Prioritize links and content. What’s more important goes to the top.
- Always provide a way to exit to home, and step back in the footer.
- Break lengthy/complicated forms into a wizard like step-by-step process.
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Website Design Service for Mobile Devices
Accessing the Internet from mobile devices is becoming increasingly popular, for the past few years mobile devices (mobile phone, smart phone, tablets, PDA or palmtop) have rapidly become an integral part of our lives, We can talk and send messages or video streams by them, and with an internet connection we can have access to any kind of web content, Today there are over 1.1 billion web capable handsets in use worldwide which is 63% of the total handsets of the world, However, as can be read in mobile web access is hindered by the fact that the majority of web contents are tailored for desktop computers. Compared to desktop computers mobile devices have got some evidential drawbacks.
Web access from mobile devices presents its own unique challenges we have to severe resource constraints on the mobile devices, their performance is usually much lower processor memory, their screens are smaller, and generally their internet connections are much slower, power, form factor, bandwidth and battery, mobile web users face a big problem that the majority of web content are tailored for desktop computers which can have a large display area and high connection speed compared with mobile devices which have smaller display area and limited connection speed also, There was many trials to solve this problem or even enhance the existing model to have better results.
Hence in the majority of the cases it is impossible to display the original web content, which is customized to a desktop computer with a 17” monitor or higher, on the display of a handheld device in a usable and efficient way. Somehow we should adapt the original content to the capabilities of the client device. This problem led to create two versions from any web content one for desktop computer and other with special constrains for mobile web. There were some others contributions to solve this problem, Instead of having two versions for each web content one for normal users and the other for mobile users.
Also there is an important issue should take in consideration when you author any web content that we should optimize it we will list some best practices for delivering web content to mobile devices to save mobile resources like battery power and limited connection speed, The principal objective is to improve the user experience of the web when accessed from such devices, and also use some technique to the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request and improve the display of the same content to fit the mobile users.
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What is Mobile Web Limitations?
Old mobile devices have screen size from 120×120 pixels up to 320×240 this means that you can show about 6 lines of 25 characters, some mobiles also support a few types of images and multimedia format for example animated GIF is not supported on most phones, the mobile browser of course faces the same limitations that mobile web faces like:
- Small screen size: This makes it difficult or impossible to see text and graphics dependent on the standard size of a desktop computer screen.
- Lack of windows: Ability to open more than one window
- Navigation: No mouse thereby limiting the flexibility in navigation
- Lack of JavaScript and cookies: Most devices do not support client-side scripting and storage of cookies except smart phones and iPhone, this is not being suitable for uniquely identifying visitors using mobile devices.
- Speed: Most mobile devices speed of service is very slow, often slower than dial-up Internet access.
- Types of pages content like (Flash, PDF …)
- Compressed pages
- Size of messages: Many devices have limits on the number of characters that can be sent in an email message.
- Cost: Access and bandwidth charges levied by cell phone networks are much higher than those for fixed-line internet access.
Now day mobile devices try to solve most of the previous problems thought develop some strategies like increasing the screen size, enhance the hard resources like processor capability, add more ram, develop a new operating system (OS), enhance the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network itself or add a network card to provide the wireless access thought using the Wi-Fi technology.
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